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Why British and Western involvement on the Thai / Cambodian border - letter to the editor of the Phnom Penh Post 2000, by Derek Tonkin British Ambassador to Vietnam 1980-82 and to Thailand and Laos 1986-89.
Thatcher
connection
Dear Editor,
I found the report by Robert Carmichael of the quiet, but very effective
contribution which Mme Kek Galabru had made in setting up the initial meetings
between Prince Sihanouk and Mr Hun Sen in the latter part of the 1980s of great
interest. I am delighted that she has, in her own typically modest way, decided
to let the role of herself and her husband be more widely known.
A perspective history of the 1991 Paris Peace Accords may not be written for
several years to come. The official archives of the principal countries involved
may not be available for public inspection for at least another 20 years, in
most cases for another 30 or 50 years, and in a few cases never. It is however
even at this relatively early stage, in historical terms, sensible to put on
record the important contribution which another person made to the peace
process, though this is neither widely known nor recognised. I refer to Margaret
Thatcher, when she was Prime Minister of Britain in the late 1980s.
Mrs Thatcher came to Thailand in August, 1988 on her way back to London from a
visit to Hong Kong particularly to look at the Cambodian situation, of which she
had no first-hand experience, but which she realized was of importance to the
future stability and prosperity of the region. To that extent she was well ahead
of one of her illustrious predecessors in the Conservative Party, Sir Winston
Churchill, who in his 79th year was heard to remark: "I have lived 78 years
without hearing of bloody places like Cambodia"1.
Sir Winston's comments, however, were related to what the late author and
diplomat Sir James Cable has described as "the last example of an
independent British policy exercising significant influence in the resolution of
a major international crisis"2, namely the Geneva Conference on Indochina
of 1954 which was co-chaired by Britain and the Soviet Union and which brought a
measure of peace and prosperity to Cambodia in the late 1950s and 1960s until
the war in Vietnam engulfed Cambodia as well.
I was British Ambassador in Bangkok at the time of Mrs Thatcher's visit in
August, 1988, which occurred at the time of the transition of the premiership
from General Prem Tinsulanonda to General Chatichai Choonhavan, whose mutual
desire to play host to Mrs Thatcher was happily resolved by an invitation
issuing from both Thai Prime Ministers.
Mrs Thatcher was accompanied by her Private Secretary, Charles Powell, and her
Press Secretary, Bernard Ingram, and a team of advisers and journalists who
included not a single official from the British Foreign Office. It was
accordingly left to me as the sole Foreign Office representative to explain the
nuances and complexities of the Cambodian situation, and it was fortunate indeed
that I had served in Cambodia in the early 1960s and in Vietnam in the early
1980s as well as in the South East Asia Department of the Foreign Office in
between.
Mrs Thatcher had a prodigious capacity to absorb and retain the information
which I fired in her direction. This did I hope prepare her for her meeting and
discussions with Prince Sihanouk which took place at the Funcinpec camp at Site
B. The record of those discussions must alas await the pleasure of our "30
Year Rule" for the release of documents to the Public Record Office at Kew
in London. Suffice to say that on her return to Bangkok, Mrs Thatcher called an
immediate Press Conference and announced that Britain intended as a matter of
urgency and importance to seek the support and endorsement of the other four
members of the UN Security Council (United States, Soviet Union, France and
China) in securing a settlement of the Cambodian problem.
She was as good as her word, and though the Foreign Office in London was
somewhat diffident that this initiative was the result of her endeavours rather
than those of the Foreign Secretary at the time, Sir Geoffrey Howe, instructions
were promptly dispatched to the British delegation to the United Nations in New
York and the engagement of the UN Security Council in the peace process was
energetically put in train.
Mrs Thatcher recognized that Britain had long played an objective and impartial
role in Indochina, both as Co-Chairman of the Geneva Conference on Indochina in
1954 and of the Geneva Conference on Laos in 1962. She realized that a catalyst
was needed in the Security Council, which Britain alone could provide. China had
been supportive of the 1975 revolution in Cambodia which resulted in the
emergence of Democratic Kampuchea under Pol Pot; the Soviet Union had a Treaty
of Cooperation and Friendship with Vietnam whose troops, supported by
revolutionary Khmer forces opposed to the Pol Pot regime, liberated Cambodia in
1979; France was the former colonial power; and the United States had yet to
recover from its traumatic involvement in Vietnam. In short, only Britain of the
five Permanent Members of the Security Council had the independence and
objectivity to raise the Cambodian issue with the other four Members without
raising suspicions that we were acting primarily in our own interests.
The course of events which subsequently led to the 1991 Paris Peace Accords and
the arrival of the United National Transitional Authority in Cambodia to prepare
for the 1993 elections has been well documented. Nonetheless the particular role
played by Mrs Thatcher in galvanizing the UN Security Council into action needs
to be put on record as well.
It would not be fair to say that I was rebuked by the Foreign Office in London
for putting ideas into Mrs Thatcher's mind, but word came back that there was
some displeasure in certain quarters for what was described as my "settee
diplomacy" in sitting down with Mrs Thatcher and giving her a three-year
course in the history, politics, culture and economy of Cambodia in the very
short time at my disposal. I put it to her that there were those on the left of
the political spectrum in Cambodia, whom Prince Sihanouk had regarded since the
early 1960s as Khmers Rouges in contrast to the Khmers Bleus on the right of the
political spectrum, who could certainly play a part in Cambodia's future body
politic, as they had in the early 1960s, and it is no coincidence that the
present Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister, Finance Minister and
Minister of Commerce of Cambodia are indeed covered by that generic description.
- Derek Tonkin, British Ambassador to Vietnam (1980-82) and to Thailand and
Laos (1986-89), Guildford, Surrey, UK
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